Research progress of powder modification of TCM based on particle design theory / 药学学报

Particle design, based on the concept of "quality by design", combines the elements of microbiology, formulation science, heat and mass transfer, solid state physics, powder science, and nanotechnology. It is widely used to develop particles with excellent functional properties. Without affecting the active ingredients, the modification technology of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) powder based on particle design theory, could improve the flowability, tabletability, disintegration and dissolution behavior, hygroscopicity, wettability, and other functional properties at the physical structure level. This greatly promotes the development of solid preparations of TCM. The present review aims to summarize and discuss the research progress of powder modification of TCM from the perspective of the theory of particle design, powder modification technology, equipment used for powder modification, application in TCM and modification mechanism mainly based on researches published in recent ten years. This review could provide ideas and theory basis for the development of particle design.

Establishment of Cytarabine-resistant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Lines and Its Resistance Mechanism / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish cytarabine-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines and investigate its possible resistant mechanism.@*METHODS@#Low-concentration cytarabine (Ara-C) continuously induced and cultured Jurkat and Nalm-6 cells to construct cytarabine-resistant cell lines Jurkat/Ara-C and Nalm-6/Ara-C. The cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay, and the distribution of cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of multidrug resistant gene and Ara-C metabolic enzymes. The expression levels of cyclin were detected by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#Jurkat/Ara-C and Nalm-6/Ara-C drug-resistant cell lines were successfully established, the resistance index of which was 1 973.908±161.163 and 7 231.643± 1 190.624, respectively. Drug-resistant cell lines had no cross-resistance to commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin. Flow cytometry showed that the ratio of G@*CONCLUSION@#Cytarabine-resistant ALL cell lines are successfully established by using low concentration continuous induction method, and its drug-resistant mechanism may be related to the deficiencies of DCK and cyclinB1.

Gene Mutants and Their Clinical Characteristics of G6PD Deficiency Among Children in Luzhou Area / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the gene mutants of G6PD deficiency and their clinical featuers among children in Luzhou area.@*METHODS@#732 children with suspected G6PD deficiency in Luzhou area from March 2017 to July 2019 were selected, which were examined for G6PD enzyme activity and gene mutation. The G6PD enzyme activity was detected by ultraviolet rate quantification, and the gene mutation was detected by melting curve analysis-based PCR assay, and the clinical characteristics of different mutants when acute hemolysis happens were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#387 positive specimens were detected in 732 specimens, among which the gene mutation and the enzyme activity decrease was found in specimens 326, 49 specimens showed gene mutation but without the enzyme activity decrease, and 12 specimens without gene mutation but with the enzyme activity decrease. Among 375 positive samples with gene mutation, c.1376G＞T, c.1388G＞A, c.1024C＞T and c.95A＞G were the most common. The enzyme activity of c.1376G＞T and c.1388G＞A was statistically significantly different with c.1024C＞T. The most common incentives of acute hemolysis was broad bean, the reticulocyte count was statistically significantly different among c.1376G＞T, c.1388G＞A and c.95A＞G. The hemoglobin level of c.1376G＞T was statistically significantly different from with c.95A＞G. Moreover, c.1376G＞T, c.1388G＞A was lower than c.1024 C＞T. When acute hemolysis occurs, the reticulocyte count and hemoglobin changes were different between different mutation types, while the patients age, hospitalization time, blood transfusion, total bilirubin, and urine color recovery time of the patients were not statistically different.@*CONCLUSION@#The common mutants of G6PD deficiency among children in Luzhou area are c.1376G＞T, and c.1388G＞A, c.1024C＞T. Favism is the most common clinical manifestation of G6PD deficiency.

Research Advance on Reversing Multidrug Resistance of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia by Chinese Herbal Monomer--Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Abstract　　Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignant myeloproliferative tumor which is originating from hematopoietic stem cells. Chemotherapy is the preferred made of treatment for the disease. However, in recent years, more and more patients have multidrug resistance (MDR) during treatment, which is the main cause of failure treatment, therefore, the search for effective reversal agents has important clinical significance. Traditional Chinese medicine derived reversal agents have the characteristics of multiple targets, low toxicity and high efficiency, which can reverse the drug resistance through different mechanisms, and the research potential is unlimited. In recent years, it has been widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad, especially the research on physcion, emodin, curcumin, matrine, gambogic acid, oridonin, ligustrazine, solanine and other monomers, which has made great advance. In this reviwe, the recent research advance on the reversal of MDR in chronic myeloid leukemia by Chinese medicine monomer is summarized briefly.

Effect of Sijunzi Tang on Behavior and Energy Metabolism of Hippocampal Neurons in Rats with Alzheimer's Disease / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To observe the changes of behavior and mitochondria in Alzheimer's disease(AD) rats, and to explore the mechanism of Sijunzi Tang in the treatment of AD rats' behavior and the changes of mitochondrial energy metabolism in hippocampal neurons. Method: The 60 male SPF grade rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, low, medium and high dose group of Sijunzi Tang(3.24, 6.48,12.56 g·kg-1), and dihydroergot group (0.27 mg·kg-1), 10 rats in each group. The normal group received no intervention and had a normal diet. The rest of the rats were injected with D-galactose to the abdomen at a dose of 200 mg·kg-1 once a day for 6 weeks. Morris water maze experiment was used to detect the cognitive function of rats. Tm-Vision behavioral experiment system was used to observe the behavioral changes of rats, and the hippocampal neuronal line structure was observed by transmission electron microscope. Mitochondrial complex colorimetry was adopted to detect rats CⅠ, CⅡ, CⅢ, CⅣ activity.Western blot was used to detect the expression of mitochondrial adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK) protein in the hippocampus. Result: Compared with normal group, model group rats latent escape period time increasing, through fewer, movement distance, movement time increasing, center residence time increased (PPPPPPPPPPPPConclusion: The abnormal behavior of AD rats may be related to the decrease of central hippocampal energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. Sijunzi Tang has therapeutic effect.

Research Advances on Mechanisms of Resistance to All-Trans Retinoic Acid in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia--Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Abstract　　Among myeloid leukemias, the acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was found to be specifically sensitive to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), almost all APL patients respond to ATRA therapy. The ATRA induces remission of APL patients by stimulating the differentiation of the leukemia cells. However, with the long-term application of ATRA alone, ATRA resistance has become one of the main causes of chemotherapy failure in the patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. At present, the mechanism of ATRA-resistance is not completely clear, this review discusses the mechanism of drug-resistance in terms of signal pathways, genes, proteins and enzyme.

Hand Function Rehabilitation Management Program after Burn: Based on Knowledge to Action Framework / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To construct a management program of hand function rehabilitation for adult inpatients after hand burn. Methods:Literatures of clinical practice guideline, evidence summary, systematic review and review were searched from OVID JBI, Cochranel Library, EBSCO, PubMed、EMbase、FEBM, CNKI, Wanfang Data and CBM, and so on. They were screened, evaluated, extracted evidence, found hinder factors following the steps of Knowledge to Action (KTA). Finally, a hand function rehabilitation management program was constructed. Results:Ten literatures were included. The management program included hand function rehabilitation intervention program and implementation procedures. Conclusion:Based on KTA framework, the hand function rehabilitation management program after burn can be used in clinic.

Hand Function Rehabilitation Management Program after Burn: Based on Knowledge to Action Framework / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To construct a management program of hand function rehabilitation for adult inpatients after hand burn. Methods:Literatures of clinical practice guideline, evidence summary, systematic review and review were searched from OVID JBI, Cochranel Library, EBSCO, PubMed、EMbase、FEBM, CNKI, Wanfang Data and CBM, and so on. They were screened, evaluated, extracted evidence, found hinder factors following the steps of Knowledge to Action (KTA). Finally, a hand function rehabilitation management program was constructed. Results:Ten literatures were included. The management program included hand function rehabilitation intervention program and implementation procedures. Conclusion:Based on KTA framework, the hand function rehabilitation management program after burn can be used in clinic.

AppIication of poIymer interbody fusion cages / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Interbody fusion is an effective approach in the spinal surgery which is traditionally performed via auto/allogenic bone grafting,and it has a number of shortcomings as well as specific therapeutic effects. In the past few years, polymer interbody fusion cages have been gradually applied in clinical practice, which provides more options for spinal surgeons. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the advantages and disadvantages of degradable/non-degradable polymer materials respectively by analyzing their materialogy characteristics, and to further predict their application prospects. METHODS: PubMed, Ovid and CNKI were searched by computer to retrieve articles concerning the materialogy characteristics and application situation of common biomedical polymer materials in the spinal surgery. The key words were "spinal surgery, fusion cage, engineering plastic, degradable high polymer material" in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Up to now, a variety of polymer materials, especially degradable polymer materials, are still at the stage of exploring and primary research, and their in-depth studies, including animal and biomechanics experiments, are still expected to be done gradually. Except for PEEK interbody fusion cages, some polymer materials are still lack of large sample and multi-center clinical trials before further application.

A new aurone with anti-inflammatory activity from Cleistocalyx operculatus flower buds / 中国中药杂志

A new compound(Z)-6-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5,7-dimethylaurone was isolated from Cleistocalyx operculatus flower buds. Its structure was identified by spectroscopic data including MS, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR HSQC and HMBC. A known compound, 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3'5'-dimethylchalcone (DMC), was also isolated and identified,and used as material to synthesize (Z)-6-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5,7-dimethylaurone.Anti-inflammatory activities of the two compounds were tested . The results showed that (Z)-6-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5,7-dimethylaurone possesses much stronger PGE₂ inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ 6.12 nmol·L⁻¹) than the positive control ibuprofen （68.66 nmol·L⁻¹）.

Regulation of the Megakaryocyte Development and the Platelet Production--Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

The main physiological function of megakaryocytes is the production of platelets, whose development, maturation and platelet production are a complex regulatory process, and are involved in many factors. In recent years it was found that the lung is also the main site of megakaryocyte-producing platelets in addition to bone marrow. Based on the findings of recent years, this review summarizes the process of megakaryocyte development, maturation and platelet production, with emphasis on the analyzing the regulatory effects of apoptotic factors, miRNA, thrombopoietin and its receptors, interleukins, transcription factors and their corresponding signal pathways on platelet production. To understand the regulatory mechanism of platelet production can help to understand the pathological mechanism of platelet-related diseases and provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of platelet-related diseases.

Research Progress on the Laboratory Diagnosis for Thalassemia -Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Thalassemia laboratory diagnostic techniques include screening test and genetic test, the former diagnosis method is mainly based on the morphology of red blood cells and the physical and chemical properties, including routine analysis of blood, red blood cell morphology test, red blood cell permeability test, hemoglobin component analysis, etc. The latter is mainly based on various of molecular biology experiments developed on the basis of PCR, including gap-PCR,PCR-RDB,melting curve analysis,high resolution melting analysis,real-time PCR,gene chip and DNA sequencing, etc. This paper reviews the progress of laboratory diagnostic techniques on thalassemia, combination of comprehensive screening method with technique of genetic diagnosis, appropriately contributes to the diagnosis of thalassemia.

Relationship between interleukin-17A gene polymorphisms and the susceptibility to childhood asthma / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between polymorphisms of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) gene promoter (-197G/A and -692C/T) and the susceptibility to childhood asthma, to further identify the candidate genes for asthma, and to provide a basis for early prevention of asthma in high-risk children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty-five outpatients or inpatients with childhood asthma between August 2013 and August 2015 were assigned to asthma group. Seventy healthy children within the same period were assigned to control group. Using peripheral venous blood from the two groups, PCR with sequence-specific primers was carried out to determine single nucleotide polymorphisms at positions -197G/A and -692C/T in IL-17A gene promoter. A statistical analysis was used to evaluate differences in genotype and allele frequencies between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, the asthma group had significantly higher frequencies of TT genotype (29% vs 16%; P=0.012) and T allele (52% vs 42%; P=0.039) at position -692C/T of IL-17A gene. Children with T allele had 1.413-fold higher risk of childhood asthma than those with C allele (OR=1.413, 95%CI: 1.015-1.917). There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies at position -197G/A in IL-17A gene between the two groups (p>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Polymorphisms at position -692C/T in IL-17A gene promoter is associated with the susceptibility to childhood asthma. Children with -692T allele are more susceptible to childhood asthma. There is no significant relationship between polymorphisms at position -197G/A in IL-17A gene promoter and the susceptibility to childhood asthma.</p>

Latest Advance of Study on Pathogenesis of Immune Thrombocytopenia / 中国实验血液学杂志

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is recognized as a multifactorial cell-specific autoimmune disorder, and its pathogenesis is still not very clear. Traditional concept suggests that the platelet destruction mediated by autoantibodies is the pathophysiology mechanism of ITP, while many studies in recent years have shown that the abnormities of T lymphocyte, dendritic cell (DC), natural killer cell (NK), cytokine, programmed cell death (PCD), oxidative stress (OS), infection, pregnancy and drugs etc play an important role in the pathogenesis of ITP. Since the study of ITP has made a series of important achievements in recent years, this review focuses on the latest advance of studies on pathogenesis of ITP.

Effect of rat intestinal flora on in vitro metabolic transformation of pumiloside / 中国中药杂志

To study the metabolic transformation of pumiloside by rat intestinal flora in vitro and identify its metabolites. Pumiloside was incubated in the rat intestinal flora in vitro. HPLC was used to monitor the metabolic process, and HPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to identify the structures of biotransformation products. In vitro, pumiloside was easily metabolized by rat intestinal flora, and with the prolongation of metabolic time, pumiloside was transformed into several metabolites. Three metabolites were initially identified in this experiment. The study indicated that pumiloside could be extensively metabolized in the rat intestinal flora in vitro.

Research on Chinese medicine pairs effects of Panax notoginseng and Bletilla striata before and after compatibility on contents of notoginsenosides / 中国中药杂志

To discuss the synergistic mechanism of compatible use of two medicinal herbs,Panax notoginseng and Bletilla striata, an HPLC was established to determine two ginseng saponins (20S)-ginseng saponin Rg₃ and ginseng saponin Rh₄ contained in single decoction of Panax notoginseng as well as in compound decoction of Panax notoginseng and Bletillastriata in different compatibility ratio (1∶0.5, 1∶1, 1∶2), followed by analyzing the impact of amount of notoginsenosides after compatibility. As a result, compared with the single decoction of Panax notoginseng, the contents of ginseng saponin Rg₃ and ginseng saponin Rh₄ in the compound decoction of Panax notoginseng and Bletillastriata were on the rise as the increasement of the amount of Bletillastriata. The contents of the notoginsengsaponin R₁, ginseng saponin Rg₁ and ginseng saponin Rb₁ of Panax notoginseng single decoction were significantly decreased after compatibility. Therefore, after compatibility, it was more easy to produce (20S)-ginseng saponin Rg₃ and ginseng saponin Rh₄.This study can extend to a method of preparation of (20S)-ginseng saponin Rg₃ and ginseng saponin Rh₄. Furthermore, after compatibility, two ginseng saponins which had lipase inhibitory effect were both increased significantly, indicating that the compatibility of these two herb medicines may have effect on losing weight.

Car-pedestrian accident reconstruction based on finite element simulation and genetic neural network / 医用生物力学

Objective In order to fully reconstruct the accident by utilizing pedestrian injuries information gained from the car-pedestrian collision, a new method based on finite element simulation and genetic neural network to deduce the car-pedestrian collision parameters in reverse is proposed. Methods Crash simulations from different contact angles (back, left, front, right) at different impact speeds (25, 40, 55 km/h) were conducted by using Hyperworks and LS-DYNA, so as to obtain the head injury criterion (HIC) value and the maximum velocity of the thoracic wall. According to the criteria of injury biomechanics, the severities of the pedestrian head and thorax and corresponding injury locations were analyzed and set as predictors, and the predictive values of collision parameters were then acquired by using genetic neural network. Finally, this method was verified by two car-pedestrian accidents with the video and exact collision parameters. Results For both cases of the car-pedestrian accidents, the car speeds at the collision of pedestrian were 54 and 49 km/h, respectively, and the car-pedestrian contact angles were both 180°. While according to the pedestrian injuries information, the predictive values of the car speeds at the collision of pedestrian were 51 and 43 km/h, and the predictive values of the car-pedestrian contact angles were 184° and 169°, respectively. The reconstruction accuracies of two cases were 0.94 and 0.88. Conclusions The proposed method in the study can be used to predict car-pedestrian collision parameters efficiently and accurately by utilizing the pedestrian injuries information, which provides a new method for cause analysis and responsibility recognition, as well as theoretical references for the treatment and protection of head and thoracic injuries occurred in the car-pedestrian collision.

Rapid Identification of Legionella Pathogenicity by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) can be used as a rapid and reliable method to distinguish virulent strain and mild strain of L. pneumophila.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Mortality data were collected from company departments through administrative documents, death certificates, etc. Trend analyses of cancer mortality were performed on the basis of 925 cancer deaths between 2001 and 2010.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Our results indicated that the peaks of high virulence strains reached ⋝4000. This criterion was verified by subsequent cell experiments. In addition, we also conducted SERS rapid identification on the virulence of several collected clinical strains and obtained accurate results.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The present study indicates that the established SERS protocol can be used as a rapid and reliable method to distinguish virulent and mildly virulent strains of L. pneumophila, which can be further used in clinical samples.</p>

Effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine on DAPK gene expression in human HL-60 cells / 中国实验血液学杂志

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of methylation transferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-2dC) of different concentrations on the apoptosis of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line HL-60 and the expression of DAPK gene in HL-60 cells, as well as to explore the possible anti-AML mechanism of 5-aza-2dC. HL-60 cells were treated by 5-aza-2dC of different concentrations. The effect of 5-aza-2dC on the HL-60 cell morphology was observed by Wright's staining. The effect of 5-aza-2dC on HL-60 cell apoptosis and DAPK mRNA expression was detected by flow cytometry and reverse transcription-polymerize chain reaction (RT-PCR) respectively. The results showed that the 5-aza-2dC induced the apoptosis of HL-60 cells in a concentration-dependent manner; the 5-aza-2dC increased the expression levels of DAPK mRNA in HL-60 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. It is concluded that the apoptosis rate of HL-60 cells and DAPK mRNA expression level displayed a rising trend with 5-aza-2dC concentration increasing. Therefore, DAPK gene may participate in HL-60 cell apoptosis induced by 5-aza-2dC.

Relationship between the HOX gene family and the acute myeloid leukemia-review / 中国实验血液学杂志

In recent years, many studies have shown that the HOX gene family involved in the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. There is a close relationship between the expression of HOX gene family and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Most of the HOX genes can promote the proliferation and inhibit the differentiation of the hematopoietic progenitor cells, but the mechanism leading to acute myeloid leukemia remains unknown. This review focuses on the relationship between HOX gene and acute myeloid leukemia and the possible mechanisms leading to acute myeloid leukemia.